Political Economy of Race, Class and Gender Thesis paper abstract Annotated Bibliography

Political Economy of Race, Class and Gender Thesis paper abstract - Annotated Bibliography Example This paper offers more insight into the mechanisms underlying the persistence of racial inequality in the labor market. This paper utilizes a data set of the structural features of Chicago in assessing the influence of three segregation configurations on the racial wage inequality in Chicago. The demographic, educational and employment features of Chicago City are drawn from the 1980 and 1990 decennial censuses, in addition to data from archives, published reports, and newspapers. The research findings indicate that residential segregation; in conjunction with minority concentration and immigration fully explain the wage gap between whites and blacks. These findings underscore the impact of residential segregation on the racial wage gaps between blacks and whites in the labor market. Blacks in high class do not evade the problems of residential segregation as their children attend same schools, have equal opportunities, and enjoy same dilapidated social amenities as low class blacks. The paper discusses the implications of residential segregation on the low wages of blacks. These results suggest that racial segregation continues to be a significant aspect for stratification in the American

The Theatre of Marcellus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Theatre of Marcellus - Essay Example Today, there are a number of theories regarding what is architecture and they continue to change with time, material, usage of the structure and so forth. To help limit our discussion, Vitruvius provides us with three basic elements of design that must be considered when attempting to understand architecture. These include utility, flexibility and beauty. â€Å"By utility, Vitruvius means the functional arrangement of rooms and spaces so that there is no hindrance to use and so that a building is perfectly adjusted to its site. Firmness referred to foundations that were solid and to building materials being used wisely to do their required work. Beauty meant that ‘the appearance of the work is pleasing and in good taste, and [that] its members are in due proportion according to correct principles of symmetry† (Roth 11). These three principles will be taken into account in an examination of the architecture of the ancient Theatre of Marcellus as it existed within its cont emporary society and as it has influenced architecture into the future. Social life in ancient Rome was full of spectacle including triumphal processions, aristocratic funerals, public banquets, gladiatorial contests, wild beast shows, athletic competitions and chariot races. â€Å"As a whole, this pervasive culture of spectacle served both as a vehicle for self-advertisement by the sociopolitical elite and as a means of reinforcing the shared values and institutions of the entire community† (Klar, 2006). One form of entertainment that had long-term impact upon the citizens of the city was the theatre. â€Å"According to the ancient historian Livy, the earliest theatrical activity at Rome took the form of dances with musical accompaniment, introduced to the city by the Etruscans in 364 BC† (Klar, 2006). Full length plays were introduced by 240 BC through the comedies and tragedies of

Teen Obesity: A Public Health Crisis Essay -- junk food, overweight,

Teenage obesity is a major public health crisis nationally and internationally. â€Å"In 2012 the percentage of adolescents aged 12 ­19 years were obese.The increase of teenage obesity in 2010 to 2014 was from 5% to nearly 21% in the United States† (Flegal,2013). Teenage obesity is a serious problem in the United States and needs to be addressed. Causes Teenage obesity is caused by numerous of things such as a person’s lifestyle, eating habits, and environment. No single factor or behavior can cause obesity. When children decide to eat more than they need, their bodies store extra calories in fat cells to use this energy for later. Overtime if this pattern continues and their body does not need this stored energy, they develop more fat cells and may lead to becoming obese (Kaneshiro, 2012). Eating Habits Poor eating habits are one of the factors that can cause a teenager to develop obesity. Parents are also a key factor for a child becoming obese, at home parents tend to buy junk food for their children to eat rather things that they should be eating such as fruits and vegetables. Also parents also tend to have less time to plan and prepare healthier meals, as a result children are consuming more processed and fast foods that are usually less healthy than home cooked meals (Kaneshiro, 2012).If a parent is overweight and has poor diet and exercise habits, the child is likely to adopt the same habits.Up to one out of every five children in the U.S is overweight or obese, and this number is continuing to rise (Benaroch, 2012). The way we eat when we are children may strongly affect our eating behaviors as adults. When we repeat these behaviors over many years, they become habits. These learned habits lead to eating no matter if we are ... .../medlineplus/ ency/patientinstructions/00383.htm Karnik, S.K., & Kanekar, A.K. U.S. National Library of Medicine, (2010). Childhood obesity: a global public health crisis. Retrieved from National center for biotechnology website: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3278864/ Nordquist, C.N. (2010). All about obesity. Medical News Today, Retrieved from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/obesity/ Obesity in adolescents. (2014). (Doctoral dissertation, University of Rochester) Retrieved from http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/Encyclopedia/Content. aspx?ContentTypeID=90&ContentID=P01627 U.S Department Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2012).Overweight and obesity ­causes and consequences Retrieved from CDC website: http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/causes/index.html Weeks, A.W. (2013). Psychological effects of teen obesity. Live Strong, doi:353259

Civilizations of the Americas

The Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas were three of the most advanced civilization in the Americas. They each brought major accomplishments to the world during their period of reign and some of these accomplishments are still used to this very day. Each one of these civilizations were influenced by foreign countries including: Europe, Asia, and parts of the Middle East. Some of these accomplishments included agriculture, architecture, writing, and trade. These accomplishments led each of these civilizations into being the most advanced in the world during their time of rule. The Mayans were the first civilization of the three and reached its greatest height between 250 and 900 CE. The Mayan civilization was located in the areas known today as Guatemala, Belize, Chiapas, and the Yucaton Peninsula, which had rich and fertile soil. Being the first civilization didn’t hold back the Mayans from being advanced in architecture, math, astrology, and writing. In the Mayan civilization, there was one major city called Tikal. Tikal was located in Guatemala and became a major Mayan center. The Mayan pyramid in Tikal was the tallest pyramid until the twentieth century (Document 1). This structure showed that the Mayans were advanced in architecture without several different inventions that were used in future societies including the wheel. The Mayans used characters or symbols as a writing system. They used glyphs (symbols) to write necessary things down on stelae. Each glyph either represented a sound or a word. Glyphs were put together to make sentences or represent the Mayan calendar (Document 2). The Mayans used a 364-day solar calendar with 18 months and 20 days in each month. These accomplishments prove that the Mayan civilization was one of the most advanced in the Americas.

The Catcher Of The Rye By F. Salinger - 1386 Words

As a â€Å"gateway drug for a generation of teenagers,† Jerome David Salinger’s novel, The Catcher in the Rye, is a world-renowned phenomenon (Teicholz). On the surface it highlights a teenager’s mentally challenging journey of painfully trying to transition into adulthood, while also wanting to reject the adult world and seek refuge in his idealistic childhood recollections. However, these ideas can be analyzed on a deeper level, not only to better understand the protagonist, Holden Caulfield, but also to acknowledge the repressed or latent feelings of the book’s reclusive author, J.D. Salinger. A fictitious character is more than a figment of the author’s imagination; the character is a â€Å"product of the author’s experiences† (Polukis 4-5). Since a character in a work of fiction is a cumulative representation of the author’s experiences, readers can use the pretentious character of Holden to scrutinize the unvented ideas of the author, J.D Salinger. In fact, Salinger mirrors many elements of his real life in The Catcher in the Rye and bases several characteristics of Holden off of himself. Similarities include that Salinger was born in New York City, had unstable school conditions, left one or more schools due to academic troubles, attended the McBurney School alluded to in The Catcher in the Rye, was atypical, valued innocence, and wished to be isolated from society (Ducharme). Furthermore, in an article recognizing Salinger’s death, it states, â€Å"Holden is dead. Long LiveShow MoreRelatedThe Catcher Of The Rye, By F. Salinger1635 Words   |  7 PagesIn the novel Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, Holden Caulfield, our protagonist, makes a mental journey in relation to dealing and coping with the grief accompanied with the death of his brother, and we are able to see how his mental status changes and how he needs guidance from loved ones. In this journey, he learns about how to make co nnections and that staying close to the people he loves can improve his outlook on life and overall mood. During the book, he isolated himself from others andRead MoreF. D. Salinger s Catcher Of The Rye1721 Words   |  7 PagesJ. D. Salinger’s Catcher in the Rye features a complex narrative surrounding a troubled young student, Holden Caulfield. Difficulties he faces throughout the story force Holden to confront his fears of adulthood and maturation and the responsibilities therein through the difficulties he faces throughout the story. Academic controversy surrounds whether Holden learns from these confrontations and adjust accordingly, maturing throughout the story. While initially this seems rather subjective, a thoroughRead MoreF. Salinger s The Catcher Of The Rye1121 Words   |  5 Pagesnovels in English-speaking countries, J.D Salinger’s Catcher In The Rye deals with Holden Caulfield’s past trauma which is the triggering factor in his depression, anxie ty and alienation. Holden tells an unnamed person what has happened in the three days prior to his mental breakdown. Through Holden’s relatable characteristics and Salinger’s narrative treatment, the book continues to engage audiences across generations. The way that Salinger writes gives the audience a very personal and insightfulRead MoreThe Catcher Of The Rye By F. D. Salinger1795 Words   |  8 Pagesunderwent a tremendous change in structure as well as philosophy. J. D. Salinger’s book The Catcher in the Rye helped contribute to this revolution by highlighting new philosophies in literature. This is evident in pre-1950 writing as well as the changes that persisted through the remaining part of the decade, especially in the writing style popularized during the Great Depression. The Catcher in the Rye also contributed to a change in conflict. This conflict started as an external object to overcomeRead MoreF. Salinger s The Catcher Of The Rye1343 Words   |  6 PagesOften, Authors use specific objects, ideas, or characters to express larger meanings in the book, or in real life. In The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, Salinger uses many symbols in his novel to show the difficulties of Holden’s life. By includi ng the symbols of Holden’s red hunting hat, death, windows, James Castle, and the ducks, Salinger explores many of Holden’s inner thoughts and difficulties of growing up, especially with the loss of loved ones. The Red Hunting Hat that Holden wearsRead MoreThe Catcher Of The Rye, By F. D. Salinger1795 Words   |  8 Pagesunderwent a tremendous change in structure as well as philosophy. J. D. Salinger’s book The Catcher in the Rye helped contribute to this revolution by highlighting new philosophies in literature. This is evident in pre-1950 writing as well as the changes that persisted through the remaining part of the decade, especially in the writing style popularized during the Great Depression. The Catcher in the Rye also contributed to a change in conflict. This conflict started as an external object to overcomeRead MoreF. Salinger s The Catcher s The Rye 1614 Words   |  7 Pagesshelves, also the best novel read in class. The Catcher in the Rye is a novel commonly found on psychopaths’ shelves and no one has ever found out why. It is a remarkable novel that has been banned in the past but is also studied today in schools around the world. In Mr. Capilongo’s grade 9 AP English class, three novels were read following the theme of â€Å"The teen experience†: To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, and The Chrysalids, by John Wyndham. The classRead MoreF. Salinger s The Catcher s The Rye 1709 Words   |  7 Pagescertain thoughts or actions from the eyes of others. Society tends to look down towards others who doesn’t follow in the majority’s footsteps. In The Catcher in the Rye, Holden struggles to make sense of his thoughts. Many times, he makes judgements or vocalizes his thoughts which leads to many judgments placed upon him. In The Catcher in the Rye, J.D. Salinger uses society’s reactions to Holden’s struggle t o place himself within the society, in a light that emphasizes his behavior as irrational or in madnessRead MoreEssay about The Catcher in the Rye Should be Included in the Curriculum1083 Words   |  5 Pagesabout the inclusion of The Cather in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger in the high school english curriculum. This is such due to the inappropriate and adult oriented themes within If considered, many times within the novel the main character will face situations in which that the negative and vulgar themes will blossom into something meaningful that the reader can benefit from as a person and as a student. While the vulgarity and adult themes in The Catcher in the Rye are indeed inappropriate for adolescentRead MoreJD Salinger Research Paper1671 Words   |  7 Pages Jerome David Salinger, also known as J. D. Salinger, is a fascinating author best known for his novel, Catcher in the Rye. Although Salinger only published one novel, he wrote several short stories for magazines like The New Yorker and Story. A large number of these stories went on to be compiled into books such as Nine Stories, Franny and Zooey, and Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction. Despite the fact Salinger has not published any stories in over 45 years, his reputation

The Construction Of The Criminal Justice System Essay

The construction of the criminal justice system composes of various agencies with explicit procedures to control and diminish crimes accompanied by, implementing penalties on those in violation of the laws. The criminal justice system was not as complex and intricate prior to the American Revolution which focused primarily on punishment and retribution rather than deterrence. Beginning with the founding of our Country, creation of the United States Constitution, our government has created substantial amounts of legislative materials, including, laws and regulations, to ensure due process and minimize criminal acts and behaviors. Our government has looked to all the local and state officials, in joining forces to reduce crime in our states and cities. Traditional policing continues to be the norm, in spite of this, law enforcement agencies have adopted additional effective strategies and approaches, relating to curtailing criminal acts before there are committed. Law enforcement agencies have relied upon criminologists, criminal analysts and the public, to further advance their initiative of controlling crime. A variety of law enforcement agencies has organized elite or special units within their agencies tailored specifically towards the reducing crime and enhancing the quality of life within their community. Certainly, the strategies law enforcement agencies utilize across the United States vary—significantly. During my research, I uncovered strategies which exhibited vastShow MoreRelatedA New Deal For Victims And Witnesses Essay1386 Words   |  6 Pagescontrast to their contemporary passive role within the criminal justice system. This study seeks to underpin the factors which have led to this transformation. This apparent adjustment was mentioned in the government strategy document, ‘A new deal for victims and witnesses’. This document indicated the need for effective justice and that victims should be at the heart o f the criminal justice system. This shows that the criminal justice system is keen to rebalance its focus on victims, witnesses andRead MoreCrime Is A Social Construction Essay1565 Words   |  7 Pagessocial construction based on the powerful’s reaction to certain behaviour, those who are deviant are people that have been labelled as such. Marxists claim the bourgeoise construct crime in order to criminalise the proletariat, get away with their own deviance and maintain their own dominance. Neo-marxists look at how moral panics create a social construction of crime and can criminalise certain groups. Finally, feminists, argue crime is constructed in a patriarchal way and that the criminal justiceRead MoreThe Alabama Joint Prison Reform Task Force Essay1562 Words   |  7 Pages 1. What have you done to reduce racial discrimination in the criminal justice systems? Governor Bentley is committed to removing racist language that addresses the separation of black and white children in the education system in Alabama’s 1901 Constitution. Bentley believes it would improve the general impression of Alabama as a whole (Reutter). In the article, â€Å"Governor s Office of Minority Affairs Announcement,† Governor Bentley has recently signed an Executive Order to create the Governor’sRead MoreCrime and Punishment Essay1717 Words   |  7 Pagesforms of criminal law. Michael and Adler (1933:2) are often cited as an example of the legal description of crime: â€Å"the most precise and least ambiguous definition of crime is that which defines it as behaviour which is often prohibited by the criminal code†. The extending of the definition of crime is heavily debated among sociologists and criminologists. The most notable focus on this is presented through Thorsten Sellin, a famous sociologist of his time. Sellin (1938) argued that the criminal lawRead MoreOne Of The Main Problems With The Law Is Injustice In The1458 Words   |  6 Pages One of the main problems with the law is injustice in the criminal justice system. There are so many innocent people serving time in jail. The criminal justice system in America was created to keep communities safe, to respect and restore victims, and to return offenders who leave prison to be self-sufficient and law-abiding. What the system has become is a monumental failure that our states and na tion can no longer afford. There has been a growth in crime, but that may be because of theRead More Death Penalty - Justified Essay896 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many problems facing our criminal justice system today. Some of the more important ones are overcrowded jails, the increasing murder rate, and keeping tax payers content. In light of these problems, I think the death penalty is our best and most reasonable solution because it is a highly effective deterrent to murder. And, tax payers would be pleased to know that their hard-earned tax dollars are not being wasted on supporting incorrigible criminals who are menaces to society. In additionRead MoreDisparity and Discrimination Essay790 Words   |  4 PagesMany different situations occur within the criminal justice system. The situations that will be discussed in this essay are Pseudospeciation, bigotry vs. racism, hegemony, social construction, and disparity vs. discrimination. There will be definition on these te rms. After defining the all terms, I will apply these terms to the criminal justice system using examples to illustrate the understanding of the definitions. Pseudospeciation Pseudospeciation begins with the fact that cultural differencesRead MoreCriminology : Criminal Justice System1028 Words   |  5 PagesCriminology Defined: An In Depth Look Of The Criminal Justice System In The U.S. Criminology, as defined by the book Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, written by the author Dr. Frank Schmalleger, Ph.D., is â€Å"the scientific study of the causes and prevention of crime and the rehabilitation and punishment of offenders† (Schmalleger, 2006, p. 20). Criminology, in itself, has a wide variety of function in treating crime and providing punishment to those who commit the crimes here in the U.S. SinceRead MoreEssay on Hate Crimes Against Gays and Lesbians1379 Words   |  6 PagesHate Crimes Against Gays and Lesbians LaReese Nixon Kaplan University CJ490: Research Methods in Criminal Justice Prof: Deborah Barrett August 7, 2012 Abstract Introduction Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender persons frequently face violence motivated by their sexuality or gender identity. Violence may be executed by the state, as in laws prescribing corporal punishment for homosexual acts, or by individuals engaging in intimidation, mobbing, assault, or lynching. Violence targetedRead MoreCriminology : Crime And Crime1410 Words   |  6 PagesCriminology is defined by the book Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, which was written by author Dr. Frank Schmalleger, Ph.D., as â€Å"the scientific study of the causes and prevention of crime and the rehabilitation and punishment of offenders† (Schmalleger, 2006, p. 20). People look at criminology in a big concept of criminal prevention but criminology in itself carries a wide variety of functions in treating crime and providing punishment to those who commit crimes. Crime increases when the

Essay about The Portraiture of Women During the Renaissance

This essay will discuss how women were represented in the portraiture during the Renaissance period. It will explain how the women’s body was pictured in portraiture as; marriage celebrant, husbands beloved, figures of fertility, mothers, display of wealth, paragons of virtues, husband’s passive representative, indication of fashion and more (Brown, 2003). Next, it will include analysis from the two female portraits of Leonardo de Vinci’s Ginerva de’ Benci and Sandro Botticelli’s Portrait of a Lady. First, I will explain what portrait means and then represent my own interpretation of Botticelli’s Portrait of a Lady by referring to instructional â€Å"activity dialog† that details how to analyse the body’s subject in the portrait (Mckennee et†¦show more content†¦Usually the artist is commissioned by patronage or the sitter to paint an image of their physical body appearance with intention to bring out their individual ity, what they present and what they value. It also serves as a mnemonical tool of remembering (Morrisson, 2004). Predominantly, portraiture was commissioned by people belonging to higher social rank and individuals who occupied the important role in the society. One of the greatest artists that arise from the Renaissance Italy was Sandro Botticelli, born in 1444 in city of Florence. He was apprenticed by patronage of the very powerful family the Medici, who were rulers of the city and central in the movement of humanism. Humanism brought back to life the classical antiquity of the ancient Greek and Rome. Some of his most famous paintings are; The Birth of Venus and Primavera (Long, 2008). In comparison to his vast art collection, his work in portraiture was very limited and some examples are Portrait of Giuliano de’ Medici 1477, Potrait of a Woman 1475 and Potrait of a Lady 1475, (Gromling Lingesleben, 1998). In this essay I will analyse the Botticelli’s Portrait of a Lady (1475), of a women named Smeralda Brandini and incorporate the dialogue activity ideas for portrait reading (Mckennee et al., 1994). The above portrait was previously owned by Parisian collector Comte de Pourtales. After him was in Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s possession, the painter and collector who later donated it to the Victoria andShow MoreRelatedWomen And Representations Of Women1606 Words   |  7 PagesThe lives and representations of women in the Florentine Renaissance In Biblical imaginary, the image of woman often originated from the image of Eve. Eve was allured by the devil and impelled Adam to disobey God and eat the forbidden fruit, resulting in their exclusion from the paradise, mortality and hardship in their lives living on Earth. Since then, the female descendants of Eve were held responsible for this loss of paradise. During the Renaissance era, women were oppressed by men because ofRead MoreRenaissance Influence On The Historical And Social Significance Of Self Portraiture1892 Words   |  8 PagesRenaissance Influence on the Historical and Social Significance of Self-Portraiture During the Renaissance, artists were acquiring status and the technical means to create a new genre of art called self-portraiture (Bond). Portraits are defined as having a likeness of a specific individual (Adams). However, self-portraits do not only have a likeness of the artist but also a sense of psychology that connects the viewer to the artist. This connection gives the self-portrait a depth of complexityRead More Defining Beauty for Men and Women in Portraiture Essay example2794 Words   |  12 PagesMen and Women in Portraiture ... A thing of beauty is a joy forever : Its loveliness increases ; it will never Pass into nothingness ... What is beauty? Seemingly a continually evolving and infinitely elusive ideal - mankind has been obsessed with the concept of beauty throughout the ages. Portraiture, as an essential channel of visual communication, has traditionally been the medium through which definitions of beauty are graphically expressed. Particularly in the Renaissance where portraitureRead MoreAnalysis Of Rona Goffen And Mary Pardo851 Words   |  4 PagesTitian’s paintings of women. Goffen focuses on who these women were, their agency, and what can be gleaned for the details of such paintings to come to a conclusion. Pardo focuses on how Titian’s abilities to make paint tactile relate to the eroticism and sexuality of his art. Both authors bring up ideas of agency and gender in art and also the importance of understanding these paintings, and their sitters, in their time. Both Goffen and Pardo view many of Titian’s paintings of women to be erotic or sensualRead MoreGender, Cultural, And Religious Context1672 Words   |  7 Pagesbecause those individualities have a major influence on the depiction of the women in art. For example, gender is a cultural classification, hence, various artists might have portrayed the identity of the female in a different way. Moreover, gender roles are a set of stringent behaviors and expectations set by the society based on the biological sex of a person. The art works were predominantly created by male artists, thus women were represented based on what the society considered to be the epitomeRead MoreThe Complex Layers Of An Artist1533 Words   |  7 Pagesbe seen in multiple artistic movements such as the Renaissance where works from Italy and England while largely influenced by the same artistic goals produce works with stylistic differences. Baroque style art was also subject to these geographical differe nces influencing the vision of the artist. Understanding the complex layers of an artistic movement requires one to analysis works of art and how they compare to other pieces produced during the same time. By taking two works with the same subjectRead MoreArt During The Middle Ages1243 Words   |  5 Pages Art during the Italian Renaissance differed from art during the Middle Ages. The two have contrasting characteristics and concepts. In the Middle Ages the subject of almost all European art was religion, specifically. Although Renaissance artists continued to paint religious paintings and portraits of individuals, they also focused on the details of everyday life. They also used new techniques such as sfumato, chiaroscuro and perspective. The artists of the Italian Renaissance expressed the idealsRead MoreThe Spanish Renaissance Period : 16th Century Venetian Triumvirate : Titian, Veronese, And Tintoretto1157 Words   |  5 Pages16th century Venetian Triumvirate: Titian, Veronese, and Tintoretto were master painters and artists who treasured females and created a small number of nude portraits each during the Venetian Renaissance period. Titian was an Italian artist of international reputation. Like his mentor, Giorgione, put time and talent in creating a mysterious and influential painting, â€Å"Pastoral Concert, c. 1508-1510. The Venetian style oil painting on canvas which does not resemble its original color palette; includesRead MoreMy Gallery : An Allegory Of The Tudor Succession1331 Words   |  6 PagesMy gallery will feature portraitures throughout history. Portraits have been around since the beginning of art. History affects every aspect of our lives including art; artist changed the style of portraitures depending on what was going on in the world at that time. At first portraits were only painted of the wealthy or someone who was deemed important. In these times, it was usually kings, queens, or religious figures that they believed were worth painting. The first picture I choose to featureRead MoreMost Famous Visual Artist Who Is The Secret Of Her Mysterious Smile?925 Words   |  4 Pages Most famous visual artist who is a typical Renaissance man, extremely well educated a real genius, painter, architect, anatomist. His name known almost everyone on earth his name is Leonardo da Vinci. He was famous for exquisite sense of humor, extraordinary intelligence his passion for music. Leonardo from an early age interested in almost all the sciences, but his real passion was a drawing. He was also a sculpture and architecture, his father was also a very educated man, and he directed the